COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Understanding and acquiring of theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of chemistry, synthesis and characterization of natural and synthetic polymers and their basic building blocks.
Subject content:
WEEK 1
Introduction: definition and structure of natural macromolecules: from monomers to polymers.
WEEK 2
Stereochemistry and properties of alfa-amino acids and peptides. Peptide nomenclature. Synthesis and reactions of amino acids and peptides. Merrifield solid phase synthesis. Protein biosynthesis.
WEEK 3
Protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Determination of primary structure. Polypeptides in nature: structure of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Division, nomenclature and structure of enzymes. Enzymes as biological catalysts.
WEEK 4
Pyrimidine and purine nucleosides and nucleotides. Nucleoside chemistry.
WEEK 5
Polynucleotides - dexyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) acids. Covalent structure and nomenclature of DNA - Watson and Crick double helix of DNA. Genetic code.
WEEK 6
Influence of organic molecule on DNA. Creating a DNA complex. Complex identification. DNA modification and chemical carcinogenesis. Intercalators.
WEEK 7
Carbohydrates - definition. Classification of carbohydrates. Photosynthesis and metabolism. Monosaccharides - structural formulas. Mutarotation. Glycoside formation and other monosaccharide reactions. Fischer proof of (+)-D-glucose configuration.
WEEK 8
Disaccharides. Synthesis and structure. Application: natural sweeteners. Polysaccharides. Starch, cellulose and derivatives.
WEEK 9
Other biologically important sugars; glycolipids. More important other macromolecules - macromolecules that include a polysaccharide structure. Macrocyclic antibiotics, porphyrins, fullerenes.
WEEK 10
Structure and properties of synthetic polymeric materials; configuration, conformation, distribution of molar masses. Linear, garnet and crosslinked polymers. Nomenclature. Application of polymeric materials. Types of polymerization reactions; stepwise, chain: radical, ionic, ring-opening, coordinate. Polymerization processes: homogeneous and heterogeneous; in mass, solution, suspension, emulsion, gaseous phase. Process optimization. Stage polymerizations. Reaction equilibrium and degree of polymerization. Reaction rate. Distribution of molar masses. Multifunctional step polymerizations. Staged copolymerizations.
WEEK 11
Polymers of step polymerizations. Polyesters, unsaturated, saturated. Polycarbonates. Polyamides. Polyurethanes. Epoxy polymers. Formaldehyde polymers. Radical polymerizations. Initiation and initiators. Growth reaction or chain reaction propagation. Macromolecule growth arrest reaction or termination. Chain reaction reactions. Kinetic chain length. Polymerization reaction rate. Inhibition and inhibitors. Influence of temperature on polymerization reaction; rate and degree of polymerization. Polymerization reactions to high conversions.
WEEK 12
Radical copolymerizations. Copolymerization reaction rate. Structure of monomers and copolymerization reactivity. Methods for determination of copolymerization reactivities. Types of copolymerization reactions. Copolymerization reactions to high conversions. Structure and composition of copolymers. Multicomponent copolymerizations. Vaccinated and block copolymers. Polymers of radical polymerizations. Polyethylene. Polyfluoroethylenes. Poly (vinyl chloride). Polystyrene. Copolymers of styrene and butadiene. Acrylic polymers. Vinyl acetate polymers.
WEEK 13
Anionic polymerizations and polymers. Initiators and initiation. Propagation reaction. Termination reaction - anionic living polymerization. Anionic copolymerizations. Copolymers of butadiene and styrene. Polysiloxanes. Cationic polymerizations and polymers. Initiators and initiation. Propagation reaction. Termination reaction. Cationic copolymerizations. Polyoxymethylene. Polyisobutene. Poly (vinyl ether). Coordinate polymerizations and polymers. Mechanism and kinetics of stereospecific polymerizations with Ziegler-Natta and metallocene catalysts.
WEEK 14
Polypropylene. Polyethylene. Copolymers of ethylene and propylene. Polyisoprene. Polybutadiene. Polyolefin functionalization reactions. New polymerization processes. Mercury free radical polymerization; polymerization by iniferters, polymerization by means of nitroxide (NMP) - stable free radical polymerizations, polymerization by atomic transfer (ATRP), polymerization by reversible chain reaction (RAFT). Free-radical polymerizations by multifunctional radical initiators.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Define the structure of polypeptides and nucleic acids.
2. Apply reactions and syntheses of polypeptides, nucleic acids and their building blocks: amino acids or nucleosides.
3. Define the basic groups of carbohydrates as well as the structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
4. Get acquainted with the specific reactions of certain groups of carbohydrates and their application.
5. Define important macromolecules that contain a carbohydrate part in their structure.
6. Apply the mechanisms of organic chemical reactions and the principles of stoichiometry to polymerization reactions.
LEARNING OUTCOMES AT PROGRAM LEVEL:
1. To solve qualitative and quantitative problems by applying appropriate chemical principles and theories
2. To interpret chemical information and data
3. To search for information available on the Internet
4. To apply knowledge in practice, especially in problem solving based on qualitative or quantitative information
5. To demonstrate the ability to engage in interdisciplinary teamwork
TEACHING UNITS WITH THE LEARNING OUTCOMES AND EVALUATION CRITERIA:
Teaching unit
1. Chemistry of natural polymers - proteins and nucleic acids, and their building blocks.
Learning outcomes:
- define the structure of polypeptides and nucleic acids
- know the reactions and synthesis of polypeptides, nucleic acids and their building blocks: amino acids or nucleosides
- know biologically significant natural polymers that are proteins or contain a nucleotide moiety
Evaluation criteria:
- distinguish between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, ie primary, secondary and tertiary structure of nucleic acids
- compare appropriate methods for determining the primary structure of a polypeptide
- apply (draw) appropriate synthetic routes for the preparation of target polypeptides (amino acids) and oligonucleotides (nucleosides, nucleotides) with the use of appropriate protecting groups
- define methods for determining the nucleotide sequence
- define the structural characteristics of biologically important natural polymers and their application
2. Classification, structural characteristics and specific reactions of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; application of carbohydrates. Important macromolecules that contain a carbohydrate part in their structure.
Learning outcomes:
- define the basic groups of carbohydrates
- define the structural characteristics and specific reactions of basic groups of carbohydrates
- get acquainted with the use of carbohydrates
- define some groups of macromolecules with a carbohydrate part in their structure
Evaluation criteria:
- know the basic groups of carbohydrates
- distinguish basic groups of carbohydrates based on their structural characteristics
- know some specific reactions of certain groups of carbohydrates
- know some examples of the use of carbohydrates (sweeteners)
3. Chemistry, synthesis and characterization of synthetic polymers.
Learning outcomes:
- application of mechanisms of organic chemical reactions and principles of stoichiometry to polymerization reactions
- knowledge and understanding of polymerization mechanisms of synthetic polymers
- distinguish and evaluate the most important chemical and structural properties of synthetic polymers
Evaluation criteria:
- for a given polymerization reaction, determine the reactants, products and reaction mechanism
- use chemical equations to show in detail (by degrees) the polymerization mechanisms of selected monomers and to define their most important kinetic and thermodynamic properties
- derive copolymerization reactivity ratios
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Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function, 5th edition, T. W. Graham Solomons, C. B. Fryhle, Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2004., K. P. C. Vollhardt, N. E. Schore, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York., 2007.
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Organska kemija, 7. izdanje (englesko), 1. izdanje (hrvatsko), prijevod: O. Kronja, V. Rapić, I. Bregovec, M. Waring, Sequence-Specific DNA binding Agents, RSC Publishing; Thomas Graham House Science, Cambridge, 2006., L. Wade ml., Školska knjiga;, 2017.
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Polimerizacije i polimeri, G. Odian, Principles of polymerization, 4th Edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2004., Z. Janović, Hrvatsko društvo kemijskih inženjera i tehnologa, Zagreb;, 1997.
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N. Raos, S. Raić-Malić i M. Mintas, Lijekovi u prostoru: farmakofori i receptori, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2005.
K. Davis, K. Matyjaszewski, Statistical, gradient, block and graft copolymers by controlled / living radical polymerizations, Advances in Polymer Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002.
P. Munk, Introduction to macromolecular science, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1989.
S. H. Pine, Organska kemija (prijevod I. Bregovec, V. Rapić), Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1994.,
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