1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	30
Laboratory exercises	15

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

PURPOSE:
The objective of this course is to provide fundamental knowledge of preparation, characterisation and application of conductive polymers. The students will be able to apply engineering skills for preparation and design of highly functionalized molecular structures and surfaces of conductive polymers.

1. Introduction. Structure of electrically conducting polymers. The difference between conventional polymers and electrically conducting polymers. The difference between ionically conducting polymers (ionomers) and electrically conductive polymers. Dimensionality of materials with respect to properties.
2. Electroactivity and electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity mechanism. Soliton formation in the case of polyacetylene. Definition of polaron and bipolaron. Franck-Condon principle. Polarone and bipolarone formation in polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, poly (p-phenylene). Changes in the energy level of the valence and conduction bands due to the formation of polarons and bipolarons. Doping of conductive polymers.
3. Comparison of electrical conductivity of conductive polymers with other materials. Change of electrical conductivity with temperature in the case of electrically conducting polymers. Measurement of conductivity (four-contact method, four-point probe method, Van der Pauw method, ring method). Mechanism of electrical conductivity by variable range hopping.
4. Conductivity in carbon and carbon-based materials. Comparison of synthetic and natural graphite. Synthesis and properties of graphene.
5. Mechanism of synthesis of electrically conductive polymers. Oxidation potential of monomers. Influence of solvent nucleophilicity on the polymerization process. Synthesis of electrically conducting polymers. Fundamentals of electrochemical methods of synthesis. Fundamentals of chemical methods of synthesis. Conditions for electrochemical and chemical polymerization of polyaniline, polythiophene and polypyrrole. Nucleation and growth of polymers on the electrode surface in the process of electrochemical synthesis.
6. Exam
7. Redox reactions of electrically conductive polymers, followed by transport of ions and electrons through the polymer. Solvent transfer through polymer. Changes in polymer structure and morphology due to polymer redox reaction.
8. Characterization of conductive polymers by electrochemical methods: cyclic voltammetry, quartz-crystal nanowire and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
9. Chemical and physical properties of electrically conductive polymers. Polymers doping with various counterions for the purpose of improving solubility and processabilty. Dedoping / doping processes. Morphological characteristics of conductive polymers. Influence of counterions and substituents on the polymer chain on polymer properties. Polymer stability in during oxidation process.
10. Spectroscopic methods for conducting polymers analysis. UV / Vis spectroscopy. Electrochromism of conducting polymers. Application of electrochromatic properties in various electronic devices (flexible screens, light emitting diodes, smart windows, flexible photovoltaic cells).
11. Principle of operation of photovoltaic cells. Application of electrically conductive polymers in the production of photovoltaic cells.
12. Definition of light emitting diode (LED). The principle of operation of the LED. Application of electrically conducting polymers in the production of light emitting diodes.
13. Application of conductive polymers as active materials in electrochemical power sources. Application in galvanic cells and in supercapacitors. Advantages and disadvantages of these materials when used in electrochemical energy sources. Examples from practice.
14. Seminar presentations.
15. Exam

Laboratory exercises
1. Chemical synthesis of polypyrrole.
2. Influence of solvent nucleophilicity on electropolymerisation process
3. Electrochromic properties of conducting polymers



GENERAL AND SPECIFIC COMPETENCE:
General competencies:
Ability to design and conduct scientific experiment and data interpretation
Ability to work in a team and development of good communications skills
Developing of communication skills in written, oral and graphical forms
Specific competencies
Ability to recognise scientific and technological roll and importance of electrically conducting polymers
Applying of modern analytical and physico-chemical methods in development and application of conducting polymers
Ability to understand the principles of conductivity in order to prepare and improve conducting polymer properties


KNOWLEDGE TESTING AND EVALUATION:
Two progress evaluations during the course.
Knowledge testing after the laboratory work.
Written exam.
Oral exam.



Learning outcomes
1. Predict polymer structures belonging to the group of conductive polymers
2. Argue the mechanism of electrical conductivity in conductive polymers
3. Select conditions for the synthesis of a conductive polymer of appropriate properties
4. Select a method for characterizing a conductive polymer
5. Argue technological issues in the application of conductive polymers

Learning outcomes of the graduate study of Materials Science and Engineering at the programme level:
1. integrate scientific principles of materials science and engineering: structure, properties, processing and application of materials
2. identify problems in area of materials science and engineering
3. plan complex experiments involving use of laboratory equipment and instruments
4. use laboratory equipment and instruments in characterization of materials

1. Predict polymer structures belonging to the group of conductive polymers
2. Argue the mechanism of electrical conductivity in conductive polymers
3. Select conditions for the synthesis of a conductive polymer of appropriate properties
4. Select a method for characterizing a conductive polymer
5. Argue technological issues in the application of conductive polymers
6. integrate scientific principles of materials science and engineering: structure, properties, processing and application of materials
7. identify problems in area of materials science and engineering
8. plan complex experiments involving use of laboratory equipment and instruments
9. use laboratory equipment and instruments in characterization of materials

1. predavanja: https://moodle.srce.hr/2020-2021/course/view.php?id=77962, M.Kraljić Roković,
2. One-Dimensional Metals (odabrana poglavlja), S. Roth, VCH, 1971.
3. 'Conducting polymers: Fundamentals and Application, P. Chandrasekhar, Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1999.
4. Conducting Polymers, L. Alacer, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1987.
5. Conductive Electroactive Polymers, G. G. Wallace et. al., CRC Press, 2009.
6. 'Conducting Polymers: A New Era in Electrochemistry, G. Inzelt, 'Springer, 2009.

Izborni kolegij - Regular studij - Material Science and Engineering