Polymer Engineering
PURPOSE
Students get acquainted with the types of polymerization reactions: radical, step, ionic, copolymerization and ring opening polymerization. Students learn about elementary steps of radical chain polymerization: initiation, propagation, termination, chain transfer. Students become familiar with the industrial implementation of polymerization reactions: bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension and emulsion polymerization.
Students meet the principles of modelling of polymerization reactions - the subject of modelling is the chemical reaction (i.e. interdependence of molecular weight distribution, conversion and reaction time) as well as the physical effects occurring in parallel to polymerization. Students analyse basic types of polymerization reactors.
Students get acquainted with large-scale polymers and characteristic application properties of polymers as engineering materials. Students learn about the fundamentals of polymer processing as well as tailoring of properties of polymer engineering materials. Students learn to understand the evolution of properties in due course of the processing stage, starting from the virgin polymer to the shaped product.
THE CONTENTS OF THE COURSE:
THE CONTENTS OF THE COURSE:
1. Monomers with double C=C bond, monomers with functional groups, polymer nomenclature as dependent on the polymerization mechanism
2. Polymerization mechanisms: chain or radical, step or condensation, ionic polymerization (cationic and anionic)
3. Coordination polymerization, ring opening polymerization, copolymerization
4. Large scale production of polymers: bulk polymerization and solution polymerization
5. Heterogeneous polymerization: emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization
6. Molecular weights of polymers, weight distribution, number distribution, integral distribution, differential distribution, analytical distribution functions, dispersity
7. Modelling of the step polymerizations in the batch reactor. Interdependence of the reactive species concentrations as well as molecular weight distribution on the kinetic parameters, time, conversion, asymmetry. Polymerizations of the type AB, A2+B2, AB + XB. Polymerization reversibility. Geometric distribution.
8. Modelling of chain polymerizations. Ideal anion polymerization in the batch reactor. Interdependence of the reactive species concentrations as well as molecular weight distribution on the kinetic parameters, time, conversion. Poisson distribution. Non-ideal anion polymerization. Cation polymerization. Radical polymerization in the batch reactor. Interdependence of the reactive species concentrations as well as molecular weight distribution on the kinetic parameters, time, conversion. Physical effects associated with radical polymerization, gel-effect, vitrification, cage effect.
9. Modelling of copolymerization. Step copolymerizations. Sequence distribution. Radical copolymerization. Composition drift. Branching associated with step polymerization. Critical conversion. Gel, sol, pendant fraction, elastic fraction. Branching associated with radical polymerization, backbiting.
10. Modelling of polymerization reactors. Step, ideal anion and radical polymerization in the homogeneous and segregated continuous stirred tank reactor, respectively. Macromixing, micromixing. Tubular reactor, in the turbulent flow, recirculation, laminar flow, Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviour. Extruder as a reactor. Modelling heterogeneous polymerizations, suspension and emulsion polymerization kinetics.
11. Phases of the production of a polymer-based product. Modification of the structure and properties of polymer materials. Thermal properties. Thermomechanical curve. Calorimetric properties. Deformation of solids. Dynamic mechanical properties, cyclic loads. Rheological properties of polymers. Rheological models.
12. Classification of the polymer processing. Technologies for additivation and reshaping of polymers. Heat and energy balance of polymer processing. Correlating polymer processing characteristics with processing and application properties of polymer materials.
13. Extrusion process. Extruder characteristics. Material characteristics and structuring in the extrusion process. Injection moulding of polymers. Injection moulding machines. Adjustable parameters in the process of polymer shaping using injection moulding.
14. Shaping of reinforced plastics associated with the chemical transformation; thermosets/glass fibres. Reinforced thermoplasts; thermoplasts/glass fibres, granulate, pressing. BMC and SMC processes. Cellular materials peculiarities. Shaping.
15. Multiphase polymer systems. Composition, phase ratio and phase morphology in multiphase polymer systems and their impact on the structure and properties. Modification and stability of multiphase polymer systems. Compatibilization and miscibility.
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC COMPETENCE:
General competences:
1. understanding of the particularities of macromolecular systems in relation to low-molecular systems as well as their analysis
2. understanding of the techniques of polymer material synthesis and characterization - may be extended to other classes of materials
3. application of the previously adopted concepts of chemical engineering onto polymerization reactions; mastering of the particularities of polymerization reactions
4. general improvement of the engineering methodologies of graphical presentation, reporting in written form etc.
Specific competences:
1. knowledge of the polymer materials synthesis methods
2. knowledge of the large-scale polymer material production processes and ways of controlling those processes
3. knowledge of the polymer materials processing methods
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES
Attending lectures, preparing seminars, solving computing seminar problems independently, creating lab reports
FORMAT OF INSTRUCTION
Lectures, laboratory, seminars (oral), seminar problems (numerical)
MONITORING STUDENT WORK
Partial exams. Written final exam, if partial exams failed. Evaluation of seminar written reports. Final evaluation shall, beside partial exam results, take into account the overall student effort.
MONITORING TEACHER WORK
Student survey
LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE STUDY PROGRAMME LEVEL
1. to relate basic elements of physical, chemical and biological mechanisms which are important for the quality and sustainability of ecosystems
2. to relate professional knowledge from of the local and global environment protection, and improve environmental management and legislation relating to environmental protection
3. to use different methods of communication with the scientific and engineering community and society at large
COMPULSORY LITERATURE
1. D. W. Clegg, A. A. Collyer, Structure and Properties of Polymeric Materials, The Institute of Materials, London, 1990.
2. C. Hall, Polymer Materials, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
3. T. A. Osswald, G. Menges, Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers, Carl Hauser Verlag, Munchen,1995.
4. G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 4. izd. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2004.
5. N. A. Dotson, R. Galván, R. L. Laurence, M. Tirrell, Polymerization Process Modeling, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1996.
ADDITIONAL LITERATURE:
1. A. Collyer, L. A. Utracki, Polymer Rheology and Processing, Chapman & Hall, Hampshire, 1990.
2. H. L. Williams, Polymer Engineering, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Comp., N. Y., 1985
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LITERATURA POTREBNA ZA POLAGANJE ISPITA:
1. D. W. Clegg, A. A. Collyer, Structure and Properties of Polymeric Materials, The Institute of Materials, London, 1990.
2. C. Hall, Polymer Materials, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
3. T. A. Osswald, G. Menges, Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers, Carl Hauser Verlag, Munchen,1995.
4. G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 4. izd. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2004.
5. N. A. Dotson, R. Galván, R. L. Laurence, M. Tirrell, Polymerization Process Modeling, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1996.
DOPUNSKA LITERATURA:
1. A. Collyer, L. A. Utracki, Polymer Rheology and Processing, Chapman & Hall, Hampshire, 1990.
2. H. L. Williams, Polymer Engineering, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Comp., N. Y., 1985,
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