Structure and Properties of Polymer Materials
PURPOSE
The course gives basic knowledge for understanding the structure and morphology of polymers, viscoelastic phenomena and their relationship with properties of polymers and polymer materials as well as understanding the procedure of microstructure processing and effects on the polymer properties. Acquisition of knowledge about preparation and properties of polymer systems.
THE CONTENTS OF THE COURSE:
Lectures:
1. Introduction to polymers. Classification of polymer material. Form of chains. Types of repeating units in a macromolecule. The general appearance of a macromolecule. Configuration and conformation of the macromolecule.
2. Structure of polymers. Amorphous, crystalline and semicrystalline structure. Orientation of macromolecule.
3. Physical states of the polymer. Deformation states. Thermomechanical curves of thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. Transitional temperatures and temperature for using polymers. Glass transition temperature, melting temperature, flow temperature. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
4. Mechanical properties. Deformation properties. Models of viscoelastic properties. Relaxation (stress relaxation, creep, elastic memory). Mechanical-thermal properties. DTUL. Vicat. Martens.
5. Mechanical properties. Actual and nominal tensile stress-strain diagram (stress/strain curve). Factors that affect mechanical properties. Testing of mechanical properties of polymer materials (tensile, flexural, compression, toughness, hardness). Temperature dependence of mechanical properties.
6. Thermal properties. Coefficient of linear thermal expansion. Volume expansion and compression. Specific heat capacity. Thermal conductivity. Heat diffusion. Enthalpy. Thermal penetration. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
7. Chemical properties. Degradation of polymers. Thermal, oxidative, photochemical and photo-oxidative, ionizing, chemical, mechanical, biodegradation and aging.
8. Electrical properties of polymers. Polar and nonpolar polymers. Features. Electrostatic charge. Conductive polymers.
9. Rheology. Basic rheological laws. Rheology of polymer fluid. Shear speed, volume and mass flow. Viscous flow and shear viscosity of polymeric liquids. Potency Law (Newton's Law). Types of Polymeric Liquids. Effect of Polymer Melt Viscosity Parameters.
10. Modelling of viscoelasticity, relaxation and retardation (Maxwell and Voight-Kelvin model). Tensile stress and tensile viscosity. Importance of entropy elasticity for processing. Performance of polymeric liquids. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA).
11. Mechanical mixing of multiphase polymer systems. Preparation of multiphase polymer systems in an extruder. Mixing of multiphase polymer systems in a kneader. The influence of temperature, composition and ratio of components on miscibility.
12. Moulding of multiphase polymer systems. Moulding in a mould. Injection moulding.
Seminars:
Methods of characterization of polymer materials:
1. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) determination
2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA).
3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
4. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
5. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Laboratory exercises:
Preparation of multiphase polymer systems in:
1. Extruder
2. Kneader
Moulding of multiphase polymer systems:
1. Compression moulding.
2. Injection moulding.
Testing of polymer properties:
1. Tensile properties
2. Impact strength
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC COMPETENCE:
Understanding of connection between structure and properties for polymer materials and modification of structure and properties which is important for production, processing and application purposes. Understanding of preparation and characterization of multiphase polymer systems.
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES
Attendance to all forms of teaching is obligatory, at least 75%.
Absence from the seminars and lab exercise must be compensated.
Oral exam is possible only on the personal request and/or in special occasions.
FORMAT OF INSTRUCTION
Lectures (ex cathedra)
Seminars (ex cathedra)
Laboratory exercises
MONITORING STUDENT WORK
Lectures: Final exam (written)
Seminars: Final exam (written)
Laboratory exercises: Written report of each lab exercise
MONITORING TEACHER WORK
Student survey
LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE COURSE LEVEL
1. to distinguish molecular structure and super molecular structure of polymers and to identify morphology of polymers
2. to relate structure of polymers and viscoelastic properties with properties of polymers and application of polymer materials
3. to define of structure and properties of multiphase polymer systems
4. to explain dynamic structure and properties of viscoelastic materials at static and dynamic strain
5. to distinguish the procedure of polymer materials processing
6. to design the structure and properties of polymer materials in processing
7. to predict the relationship between the characteristics of the material and thermal process
LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE STUDY PROGRAMME LEVEL
1. to integrate scientific principles of materials science and engineering: structure, properties, processing and application of materials
2. to identify problems in area of materials science and engineering
3. to use laboratory equipment and instruments in characterization of materials
4. to interrelate results from various methods with scientific literature in order to interpret them as well as possible
5. to explain results of their work to non-experts, experts in other fields and international partners
COMPULSORY LITERATURE
1. D. W. van Krevelen, K. te Nijenhuis, Properties of Polymers, Fourth edition, Elsevier, 2009.
2. E. L. Thomas (editor), Structure and Properties of Polymers. 12-Wiley-VCH (1993) (Materials Science and Technology).
ADDITIONAL LITERATURE:
1. R. D. Rawlings: Materials science and engineering, Encyclopedia of life support systems, vol. I - P. Kratochvil: Structure and properties of polymers. (pages: 135-157).
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